After 2,600 years, we finally know how static electricity really works

The origins of static electricity can be traced back to 600 BCE. Despite centuries of research, the exact mechanism behind the generation of static electricity remained elusive. However, a recent study by a team at Northwestern University claims to have finally unraveled this mystery. Published in the journal Nano Letters on September 17, the researchers suggest that the answer is surprisingly simple and revolves around imperfections present on surfaces.

Lawrence Marks, a professor emeritus of materials science and engineering, stated, “People have attempted to explain experimental results related to static electricity, but without valid justifications. With our new findings, we can now understand how different charges on the front and back of sliding objects lead to the generation of current.”

The team at Northwestern University began their investigation into static electricity in 2019 and found that rubbing two materials together caused tiny variations on the surface of each object. This movement resulted in the generation of voltages. By introducing a new model based on the concept of “elastic shear,” which occurs when an object resists a sliding force and creates friction, the researchers were able to explain the generation of electrical current and subsequent shocks.

Marks explained, “Our new model accurately calculates electrical current values across different scenarios, aligning well with experimental results.”

While static electricity is often associated with simple demonstrations like hair-raising experiments, its impact extends far beyond these examples. It plays a crucial role in various aspects of daily life, from affecting the flavor of coffee beans to posing risks of dosing errors and industrial fires. By gaining a better understanding of static electricity, experts hope to enhance product effectiveness and ensure safer working environments.

Marks emphasized the significance of static electricity in the formation of planets and its influence on the universe. He stated, “The clumping of particles that give rise to planets is facilitated by static electricity generated during collisions. The role of static electricity in both our daily lives and the universe at large is truly remarkable.” After millennia of speculation, researchers have finally provided a precise explanation for this fundamental phenomenon.